Varia

Il ne faut pas faire semblant de philosopher, mais philosopher effectivement. Car ce dont nous avons besoin, ce n'est pas de paraître en bonne santé, mais d'être vraiment en bonne santé.

Épicure

1 novembre 2009

La démonstration et le paradoxe de Carroll

Prolongement d’une discussion estivale sur les inférences logiques avec le paradoxe de Caroll. Des deux propositions suivantes

  • (A) Des choses qui sont égales à la même chose sont égales entre elles
  • (B) Les 2 côtés de ce triangle sont des choses qui sont égales à la même chose

on doit conclure que

  • (Z) Les 2 côtés de ce triangle sont égaux entre eux

Or, c’est que la Tortue refuse d’accorder à Achille[1]. Elle est prête à accepter

  • (C) si A et B sont vrais, Z doit être vrai
  • (D) si A et B et C sont vrais, Z doit être vrai

mais elle refuse toujours d’admettre la conclusion (Z).

Comme l’écrit Pascal Engel

« peut être la Tortue veut-elle soulever un problème sceptique quant à l’application des règles logiques. En quoi le fait de reconnaître la règle du modus ponens comme une norme du raisonnement peut il être suffisant pour nous conduire à agir ? La Tortue n’est-elle pas victime d’une sorte d’akrasia inférentielle qui lui fait voir le meilleur (logiquement) mais lui fait suivre le pire ? Ou n‘est-elle pas, comme Lord Jim dans le domaine de l’action, victime d’une version cognitive de ce que les médiévaux appelaient accidie [2]? Qu’ai-je à faire de la logique, semble–t-elle dire. Comment ne pas lui donner raison ? J’ai connu un logicien, amant transi, qui s’attendait à ce que l’objet aimé effectue un modus ponens, mais était tout étonné que sa belle ne détache ni même ne contrapose. »

Quelle stratégie adopter face à ce refus de l’élève la Tortue ? C’est ce que vous pouvez découvrir dans les actes du séminaire Enseigner la philosophie, faire de la philosophie. En complément du texte précité sur la notion de démonstration (pp. 51-63), on pourra lire La rationalité des démonstrations de Pascal Ludwig (pp. 107-123).

Notes

[1] Lewis Carroll, What the Tortoise Said to Achilles, Mind, 1895.

[2] Dante, Purgatorio, XVIII, 132.(Nota : voir aussi l’entrée Acédie sur Wikipedia)

5 octobre 2009

Logicomix, Russell en bande dessinée

Logicomix est une bande dessinée qui retrace l’histoire de la crise des fondements des mathématiques, vue à travers les yeux de Russell. On peut lire des extraits sur la plate-forme de LibreDigital. La version française est prévue aux éditions Vuibert (via Normand Baillargeon).

17 septembre 2009

Alan Turing, des excuses

« Turing was a quite brilliant mathematician, most famous for his work on breaking the German Enigma codes. It is no exaggeration to say that, without his outstanding contribution, the history of World War Two could well have been very different. He truly was one of those individuals we can point to whose unique contribution helped to turn the tide of war. The debt of gratitude he is owed makes it all the more horrifying, therefore, that he was treated so inhumanely. In 1952, he was convicted of gross indecency - in effect, tried for being gay. His sentence - and he was faced with the miserable choice of this or prison - was chemical castration by a series of injections of female hormones. He took his own life just two years later.

Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can’t put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him. Alan and the many thousands of other gay men who were convicted as he was convicted under homophobic laws were treated terribly. Over the years millions more lived in fear of conviction.

I am proud that those days are gone and that in the last 12 years this government has done so much to make life fairer and more equal for our LGBT community. This recognition of Alan’s status as one of Britain’s most famous victims of homophobia is another step towards equality and long overdue.

But even more than that, Alan deserves recognition for his contribution to humankind. For those of us born after 1945, into a Europe which is united, democratic and at peace, it is hard to imagine that our continent was once the theatre of mankind’s darkest hour. It is difficult to believe that in living memory, people could become so consumed by hate - by anti-Semitism, by homophobia, by xenophobia and other murderous prejudices - that the gas chambers and crematoria became a piece of the European landscape as surely as the galleries and universities and concert halls which had marked out the European civilisation for hundreds of years. It is thanks to men and women who were totally committed to fighting fascism, people like Alan Turing, that the horrors of the Holocaust and of total war are part of Europe’s history and not Europe’s present.

So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan’s work I am very proud to say: we’re sorry, you deserved so much better. »

Gordon Brown

14 novembre 2008

L'érotétique ou la logique des questions

Quelques ressources en ligne :

20 mai 2008

Logique libres

Via LogBlog, (le permalien du billet cité ici ne semble pas fonctionner), le début d'une liste de manuels de logique librement disponibles, établis par Rob Loftis :

I've decided that my students should not have to pay for a logic textbook. Most textbooks are obscenely expensive., but logic textbooks in particular get in my craw. The formal systems that they teach have been a part of the human intellectual heritage for over a hundred years, and the textbooks don't do anything in particular to make more approachable for students. They survive on the laziness of instructors, not on any originality content or presentation.

Open Access Logic Textbooks

20 décembre 2007

Logique du second ordre et d'ordre supérieur

There are two approaches to the semantics of second-order logic. They differ on the interpretation of the phrase “for every set of objects.” Does this have some fixed meaning to which we can refer, or do we need to consider the variety of meanings the phrase might have? In the first case (which will be called standard semantics), we are taking for granted certain mathematical concepts. In the second case (which will be called general semantics), much less is being taken for granted. In this case, to be considered valid, a sentence will need to be true under all the allowable meanings of the phrase “for every set of objects.”

Second-order and Higher-order Logic

26 septembre 2007

La philosophie des mathématiques

If mathematics is regarded as a science, then the philosophy of mathematics can be regarded as a branch of the philosophy of science, next to disciplines such as the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of biology. However, because of its subject matter, the philosophy of mathematics occupies a special place in the philosophy of science. Whereas the natural sciences investigate entities that are located in space in time, it is not at all obvious that this also the case of the objects that are studied in mathematics. In addition to that, the methods of investigation of mathematics differ markedly from the methods of investigation in the natural sciences. Whereas the latter acquire general knowledge using inductive methods, mathematical knowledge appears to be acquired in a different way, namely, by deduction from basic principles.

Leon Horsten, Philosophy of Mathematics, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

23 septembre 2007

La logique de Bolzano

Bolzano's presentation of logic is embedded in the vast body of the Theory of Science (henceforth TS). His logic is based on the abstract concepts of proposition in itself (an sich) and idea in itself, which are both independent of thought and language. His logic of ideas contains a new treatment of their content and extension and, among other things, yields an analysis of ideas without objects. A purely logical definition of intuitions as simple singular ideas allowed Bolzano to distinguish them from concepts and to complete the traditional epistemological distinction between a priori and a posteriori by the logical distinction between conceptual and empirical propositions (and sciences).

Jan Sebestik, Bolzano's Logic, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

14 février 2007

Kurt Gödel

Kurt Gödel fait son entrée dans la SEP

20 juillet 2006

Exercices de logique

Une introduction à la logique (via phnk).

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