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22 avril 2007

Obligation politique

To have a political obligation is to have a moral duty to obey the laws of one's country or state. On that point there is almost complete agreement among political philosophers. But how does one acquire such an obligation, and how many people have really done what is necessary to acquire it? Or is political obligation more a matter of being than of doing — that is, of simply being a member of the country or state in question?

Political Obligation

1 février 2007

méta-éthique

Metaethics is the attempt to understand the metaphysical, epistemological, semantic, and psychological, presuppositions and commitments of moral thought, talk, and practice. As such, it counts within its domain a broad range of questions and puzzles, including: Is morality more a matter of taste than truth? Are moral standards culturally relative? Are there moral facts? If there are moral facts, what is their origin? How is it that they set an appropriate standard for our behavior? How might moral facts be related to other facts (about psychology, happiness, human conventions…)? And how do we learn about the moral facts, if there are any?

Metaethics

22 janvier 2007

Assertion

An assertion is a speech act in which something is claimed to hold, e.g. that there are infinitely many prime numbers, or, with respect to some time t, that there is a traffic congestion on Brooklyn Bridge at t, or, of some person x with respect to some time t, that x has a tooth ache at t. The concept of assertion has often occupied a central place in the philosophy of language, since it is often thought that making assertions is the use of language most crucial to linguistic meaning, and since assertions are the natural expressions of cognitive attitudes, and hence of importance for theories of knowledge and belief.

Assertion

4 janvier 2007

Les institutions sociales

Le terme d'« institution sociale » est assez obscur, que ce soit dans la langue ordinaire ou dans la littérature philosophique. Toutefois, la sociologie contemporaine semble parfois plus consistante dans les usages de ce terme. Typiquement, les sociologues contemporains emploient le terme pour se référer aux formes sociales complexes qui se reproduisent elles-mêmes, tels que les gouvernements, la famille, les langues humaines, les universités, les hôpitaux, les entreprise et les systèmes légaux.

Social Institutions

25 décembre 2006

Les concepts de Dieu

The object of attitudes valorized in the major religious traditions is typically regarded as maximally great. Conceptions of maximal greatness differ but theists believe that a maximally great reality must be a maximally great person or God. Theists largely agree that a maximally great person would be omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient, and all good. They do not agree on a number of God's other attributes, however. We will illustrate this by examining the debate over God's impassibility in western theism and a dispute over God's relation to the space-time world in Indian theism. The entry concludes by examining some concepts of limited deities.

William Wainwrightn, Concepts of God

5 décembre 2006

Gouvernement mondial

Proponents of world government offer distinct reasons for why it is an ideal of political organization. Some are motivated negatively and see world government as the definitive solution to old and new human problems such as war and the development of weapons of mass destruction, global poverty and inequality, and environmental degradation. More positively, some have advocated world government as a proper reflection of the unity of the cosmos, under reason or God. Proponents have also differed historically in their views of the form that a world government should take. While medieval thinkers advocated world government under a single monarch or emperor who would possess supreme authority over all other lesser rulers, modern proponents generally do not advocate a wholesale dismantling of the sovereign states system but incremental innovations in global institutional design to move humanity toward world federalism or cosmopolitan democracy.

Catherine Lu, World Government, dans The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

23 août 2006

Les objets inexistants

C'est lorsque vous croyez savoir quelque chose à propos, par exemple, des objets inexistants, que tombe un nouvel article de la SEP : vous vous rendez compte, alors, de la superficialité de ce que vous pensiez savoir.

One of the reasons why there are doubts about the concept of a nonexistent object is this: to be able to truly claim of an object that it doesn't exist, it seems that one has to presuppose that it exists, for doesn't a thing have to exist if we are to make a true claim about it?

Nonexistent Objects

15 août 2006

Croyance

Contemporary analytic philosophers of mind generally use the term "belief" to refer to the attitude we have, roughly, whenever we take something to be the case or regard it as true.

Belief

La lecture de cette nouvelle entrée de la SEP peut s'accompagner de celle de Qu'est-ce que croire ? dans la collection Chemins philosophiques.

15 juin 2006

Vérité

Encore un excellent article à lire sur la SEP : Truth propose une vue d'ensemble sur les théories contemporaines de la vérité.

16 mai 2006

Colonialisme

Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another.

Colonialism, Une nouvelle entrée de la SEP.

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