Un début de réponse :

I’m teaching Recent Continental Philosophy this semester, and I’m curious about the origins of the term – continental philosophy, that is. I’m tempted by the quite feeble joke that all continental philosophy is of very recent origin because the term is of very recent origin, even though it names something that is approximately 200 years old (if you want to start with Kant, as I do.) Or at least 100 years old (if you want to start with Husserl.) I don’t see much evidence of regular usage of continental philosophy before the 1980’s.

John Holbo, Recent ‘Continental Philosophy’